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Title: Bangsa Moro in the Path History
By: Iman Nugraha
Source: http://www.angelfire.com/id/sidikfound/moro.html
By geographical region divided between the Philippine archipelago large, northern island of Luzon and gugusannya and southern islands of Mindanao and the gugusannya. Muslim Moro or better known as the Bangsa Moro is the Muslim community that inhabits the island of Mindanao, Sulu and gugusannya in the southern Philippines.
History of Islam entry
Islam entered the southern Philippine region, especially in the Sulu archipelago and Mindanao, in the year 1380. An Arab physician and scholar named Karimul Makhdum and King Baguinda listed as the first person to spread the teachings of Islam in the islands.
According to historical records, King Baguinda is a pangiran from Minangkabau (West Sumatra). He arrived in the Sulu archipelago of ten years after the successful preaching of Islam in the islands of Zamboanga and Basilan. On the result of hard work finally Kabungsuwan Manguindanao, famous kings of Manguindanao, converted to Islam. From this beginning of the Islamic civilization in this region began pioneered. At that time, had been known system of government and legal codification of the Code of Law or Manguindanao Luwaran based on and Fathu Minhaj-i-Qareeb, Taqreebu Intifa and-i-Mir-atu-Thullab.
Became a Datu Manguindanao the authority of the Davao provinces in the southeastern part of Mindanao island. After that, Islam spread to the northern island of Lanao and Zamboanga and other coastal areas.Along the coast line all the Philippine Islands under the authority of Islamic leaders called the Datu or the King even after the arrival of the Spanish people. It is said by the historian said Manila (the capital of the Philippines right now) comes from Amanullah (God states that safe). Opinion This could be true considering the many expressions used by Muslims of sub-continental (Indian subcontinent).
Spanish Colonial times
Since the inclusion of Spanish in the Philippines on March 16, 1521, indigenous people have been kissing the other purpose behind the "scientific expedition" Ferdinand de Magellans. During the Spanish colonial conquest north to easily and without significant resistance, not so with the southern region. They actually found south of the county is very hard to fight, courageous and unyielding.
Spanish colonial army should be fighting tooth and nail to reach the mile after mile of Mindanao-Sulu (Sulu Sultanate conquered in 1876).Spent more than 375 years of colonialism by continuing the war against the Muslims. However, even then, the Muslims can never be totally ditundukan.
During the colonial period, Spain adopted the political divide and rule (china and master) and Mission-Sacre (holy mission of Christianization) against the Muslims. Even those Muslim-stigmatization (the nickname of the bad things) as "the Moor" (Moro). It means people are illiterate, wicked, godless and huramentados (builders suicide). Since that time the nickname attached to Moro Muslims inhabiting the southern Philippine region.
The year 1578 happened a great war involving the Filipino people themselves. Northern indigenous people have dikristenkan involved in the Spanish colonial army, then the lamb and told to compete against those who fight Islam in the south. So there was war between the Philippine own behalf "holy mission." From this arises then the hatred and suspicion of those Christians of the Philippines against the Moro Islamic nation today.
History records, the first Muslim in Christian politics conducted as a result of this Spanish colonial is the wife of King Humabon of Cebu island, later King Humabon itself and its people.
Time U.S. Imperialism
Even Spanish failed to subdue Mindanao and Sulu, Spain still considers the region part of its territorial. Illegal and immoral to sell the Philippines to Spain and the United States for U.S. $ 20 million in 1898 through the Treaty of Paris.
Americans came to Mindanao to show themselves as a good and reliable friend. This is evidenced by the signing of the Treaty of Bates (20 August 1898) which promises freedom of religion, freedom to express opinions, freedom of access to education for the Bangsa Moro. But treaties are just tactics to take the hearts of the Muslims for not rebelling, because at the same time middle America preoccupied with the rebellion of revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo Northern Philippines.
Proved after the revolutionaries defeated in 1902, U.S. policy in Mindanao and Sulu, the attitude shifted to direct intervention and occupation open. A year later (1903) Mindanao and Sulu provinces Moroland consolidated into the reasons for memberadabkan (civilizing) the people of Mindanao and Sulu. Next period carrying the battle between the two sides. Teofisto Guingona, Sr.. between the years 1914-1920 recorded an average of 19 times the fighting occurred. Year 1921-1923, the battle occurred 21 times.
It is noteworthy that during the period 1898-1902, the U.S. appears to have been using this time to liberate the land and forests in the Moro area for expansion of the capitalist. Even the period 1903-1913 the U.S. spent to combat a variety of Bangsa Moro insurgents.
But the American view of war is not quite effective in stemming the game Bangsa Moro, United States finally adopted the strategy of colonial education policy, and blarney. This policy was then refined by the American people as a hallmark of their occupation.
Significant education and persuasion is applied to the U.S. proved a very effective strategy in reducing resistance Bangsa Moro. As a result, political kohesitas and unity among the Muslim community began to fall apart and cultural bases from attack by Western norms.
In essence this policy is due to enter the United States wants the Muslims into the mainstream Philippine society in the North and assimilate the Muslims into the traditions and customs of Christians.Along with the decreasing political power of the Sultan and the migration of power in stages to Manila, this piecemeal approach threatens the long tradition of independence is maintained by the Muslim community.
Transition
The pre-independence period was marked by the transition of power from colonial America to the Philippines Christian government in the North. To incorporate the economic Moroland into the capitalist system, diberlakukanlah land inheritance laws are very capitalistic U.S. territories such as the Land Registration Act No. 496 (November 1902) the state requirement for land registration in writing, signed and under oath. Then the Philippine Commission Act No.. 718 (4 April 1903) the state grants of land from the Sultan, Datu, or the head of non-Christian tribe as illegal, if done without authority or permission from the government. Similarly, Public Land Act No. 296 (7 October 1903) which states that all land not registered under the Land Registration Act No. 496 as the country's land, The Mining Law of 1905 which reflect all state land in the Philippines as the land of the free, open to exploration, acquisition and purchase by WN the Philippines and the U.S., as well as the Cadastral Act of 1907 which allows local people (Filipinos) are educated, and the American land speculators, are more familiar with the business of the bureaucracy, to legalize Kalim-claims on the land.
At the core provisions of the law legalizing the seizure of this land isMuslim land (customary land and customary) by the colonial government in the U.S. and Philippine governments that benefit the capitalist North.
Quino-Recto Colonialization Implementation Act No. 4197 on February 12, 1935 marked the Philippine government efforts to more aggressively to open up the soil and colonize Mindanao. The government is first to concentrate on road construction and survey of national land-survey, before developing the agricultural colonies of the new. NLSA - National Land Settlement Administration - was established under Act No. 441 in 1939. Under the NLSA, the three major settlements that accommodate thousands of settlers from the North was built in the old Cotabato province.
Even Senator Manuel L. Quezon in the 1936-1944 campaign persistent large-scale settlement program of those North with a view to destroying diversity (homogenity) and the benefits of total Bangsa Moro in Mindanao as well as trying to integrate them into the Philippine society in general.
Ownership of land is so easy and getting the government encourage the legalization of migration and settlement of large-scale to those Northern Mindanao. Many pemukin the future, as in Kidapawan, Manguindanao, acknowledged that the main motive of their coming to Mindanao is to get the land. To attract more settlers from the north to Mindanao, the government built a subsidized colonies complete with all the tools needed. The concept of colonization by these colonies was passed by the Philippine government to U.S. hengkang of the state. So slowly but surely the Moro people become a minority in their own homeland.
After the time of Independence to Now
The Philippines gained independence (1946) from the United States did not have special meaning for the Bangsa Moro. Hengkangnya first colonizers (United States) from the Philippines was the other colonialists bring (Philippine government). But worth noting, at this time Bangsa Moro struggle entered a new phase with the establishment of a more organized resistance front and forward, such as MIM, Ansari-el-Islam, MNLF, MILF, MNLF-Reformist, BMIF. But at the same time as the Bangsa Moro terpecahnya forces into factions, factions that undermine their struggle as a whole.
At the beginning of Philippine independence governments preoccupied with the communist rebellion Hukbalahab and Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon. So that the pressure on the Bangsa Moro resistance decreased. Hukbalahab communist hordes was originally an anti-colonial movements of the people of Japan, after Japan gave up their struggle to direct the Philippine government. This rebellion can only be solved at the Ramon Magsaysay, the defense minister during the reign of Eipidio Qurino (1948-1953). Increasingly felt great pressure and weight of authority when Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986).
Compared with the rule of all of Jose Rizal Philippine president Fidel Ramos to the reign of Ferdinand Marcos is the most repressive reign of the Bangsa Moro. Formation of Muslim Independent Movement (MIM) in 1968 and the Moro Liberation Front (MLF) in 1971 can not be discharged from the Marcos political attitude is better known by Presidential Proclamation No.. Was 1081.
Subsequent developments we all know. MLF as a parent Bangsa Moro struggle finally broken. First, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Misuari Nurulhaj the berideologikan nationalist-secular.Second, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) leader Hashim Salamat, a scholar warrior, a pure Islamic berideologikan and ambitious establish an Islamic state in southern Philippines. But the journey, it MNLF leader Nur Misuari has split again into groups of the MNLF-Reformist leaders Pundato Dimas (1981) and a group of Abu Sayyaf leader Janjalani Abdurrazak (1993). Of course, these divisions weaken the Bangsa Moro struggle as a whole and strengthen the Philippine government in the face of Bangsa Moro.
Signing a peace treaty between Nur Misuari (MNLF leader) with Fidel Ramos (President of the Philippines) on August 30, 1996 at Istana Merdeka Jakarta indicate disagreement over Bangsa Moro in resolving the conflict that has entered the second decade. They require one side to the diplomatic settlement of the conflict (represented by the MNLF), while others require an armed struggle / jihad (represented by the MILF).
All the do is look at the most appropriate and effective. But it seems Ramos has to choose one of them even with the risk. "All people have to choose, it is impossible to satisfy all parties," he said.
Title: Bangsa Moro in the Path History
By: Iman Nugraha
Source: http://www.angelfire.com/id/sidikfound/moro.html
By geographical region divided between the Philippine archipelago large, northern island of Luzon and gugusannya and southern islands of Mindanao and the gugusannya. Muslim Moro or better known as the Bangsa Moro is the Muslim community that inhabits the island of Mindanao, Sulu and gugusannya in the southern Philippines.
History of Islam entry
Islam entered the southern Philippine region, especially in the Sulu archipelago and Mindanao, in the year 1380. An Arab physician and scholar named Karimul Makhdum and King Baguinda listed as the first person to spread the teachings of Islam in the islands.
According to historical records, King Baguinda is a pangiran from Minangkabau (West Sumatra). He arrived in the Sulu archipelago of ten years after the successful preaching of Islam in the islands of Zamboanga and Basilan. On the result of hard work finally Kabungsuwan Manguindanao, famous kings of Manguindanao, converted to Islam. From this beginning of the Islamic civilization in this region began pioneered. At that time, had been known system of government and legal codification of the Code of Law or Manguindanao Luwaran based on and Fathu Minhaj-i-Qareeb, Taqreebu Intifa and-i-Mir-atu-Thullab.
Became a Datu Manguindanao the authority of the Davao provinces in the southeastern part of Mindanao island. After that, Islam spread to the northern island of Lanao and Zamboanga and other coastal areas.Along the coast line all the Philippine Islands under the authority of Islamic leaders called the Datu or the King even after the arrival of the Spanish people. It is said by the historian said Manila (the capital of the Philippines right now) comes from Amanullah (God states that safe). Opinion This could be true considering the many expressions used by Muslims of sub-continental (Indian subcontinent).
Spanish Colonial times
Since the inclusion of Spanish in the Philippines on March 16, 1521, indigenous people have been kissing the other purpose behind the "scientific expedition" Ferdinand de Magellans. During the Spanish colonial conquest north to easily and without significant resistance, not so with the southern region. They actually found south of the county is very hard to fight, courageous and unyielding.
Spanish colonial army should be fighting tooth and nail to reach the mile after mile of Mindanao-Sulu (Sulu Sultanate conquered in 1876).Spent more than 375 years of colonialism by continuing the war against the Muslims. However, even then, the Muslims can never be totally ditundukan.
During the colonial period, Spain adopted the political divide and rule (china and master) and Mission-Sacre (holy mission of Christianization) against the Muslims. Even those Muslim-stigmatization (the nickname of the bad things) as "the Moor" (Moro). It means people are illiterate, wicked, godless and huramentados (builders suicide). Since that time the nickname attached to Moro Muslims inhabiting the southern Philippine region.
The year 1578 happened a great war involving the Filipino people themselves. Northern indigenous people have dikristenkan involved in the Spanish colonial army, then the lamb and told to compete against those who fight Islam in the south. So there was war between the Philippine own behalf "holy mission." From this arises then the hatred and suspicion of those Christians of the Philippines against the Moro Islamic nation today.
History records, the first Muslim in Christian politics conducted as a result of this Spanish colonial is the wife of King Humabon of Cebu island, later King Humabon itself and its people.
Time U.S. Imperialism
Even Spanish failed to subdue Mindanao and Sulu, Spain still considers the region part of its territorial. Illegal and immoral to sell the Philippines to Spain and the United States for U.S. $ 20 million in 1898 through the Treaty of Paris.
Americans came to Mindanao to show themselves as a good and reliable friend. This is evidenced by the signing of the Treaty of Bates (20 August 1898) which promises freedom of religion, freedom to express opinions, freedom of access to education for the Bangsa Moro. But treaties are just tactics to take the hearts of the Muslims for not rebelling, because at the same time middle America preoccupied with the rebellion of revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo Northern Philippines.
Proved after the revolutionaries defeated in 1902, U.S. policy in Mindanao and Sulu, the attitude shifted to direct intervention and occupation open. A year later (1903) Mindanao and Sulu provinces Moroland consolidated into the reasons for memberadabkan (civilizing) the people of Mindanao and Sulu. Next period carrying the battle between the two sides. Teofisto Guingona, Sr.. between the years 1914-1920 recorded an average of 19 times the fighting occurred. Year 1921-1923, the battle occurred 21 times.
It is noteworthy that during the period 1898-1902, the U.S. appears to have been using this time to liberate the land and forests in the Moro area for expansion of the capitalist. Even the period 1903-1913 the U.S. spent to combat a variety of Bangsa Moro insurgents.
But the American view of war is not quite effective in stemming the game Bangsa Moro, United States finally adopted the strategy of colonial education policy, and blarney. This policy was then refined by the American people as a hallmark of their occupation.
Significant education and persuasion is applied to the U.S. proved a very effective strategy in reducing resistance Bangsa Moro. As a result, political kohesitas and unity among the Muslim community began to fall apart and cultural bases from attack by Western norms.
In essence this policy is due to enter the United States wants the Muslims into the mainstream Philippine society in the North and assimilate the Muslims into the traditions and customs of Christians.Along with the decreasing political power of the Sultan and the migration of power in stages to Manila, this piecemeal approach threatens the long tradition of independence is maintained by the Muslim community.
Transition
The pre-independence period was marked by the transition of power from colonial America to the Philippines Christian government in the North. To incorporate the economic Moroland into the capitalist system, diberlakukanlah land inheritance laws are very capitalistic U.S. territories such as the Land Registration Act No. 496 (November 1902) the state requirement for land registration in writing, signed and under oath. Then the Philippine Commission Act No.. 718 (4 April 1903) the state grants of land from the Sultan, Datu, or the head of non-Christian tribe as illegal, if done without authority or permission from the government. Similarly, Public Land Act No. 296 (7 October 1903) which states that all land not registered under the Land Registration Act No. 496 as the country's land, The Mining Law of 1905 which reflect all state land in the Philippines as the land of the free, open to exploration, acquisition and purchase by WN the Philippines and the U.S., as well as the Cadastral Act of 1907 which allows local people (Filipinos) are educated, and the American land speculators, are more familiar with the business of the bureaucracy, to legalize Kalim-claims on the land.
At the core provisions of the law legalizing the seizure of this land isMuslim land (customary land and customary) by the colonial government in the U.S. and Philippine governments that benefit the capitalist North.
Quino-Recto Colonialization Implementation Act No. 4197 on February 12, 1935 marked the Philippine government efforts to more aggressively to open up the soil and colonize Mindanao. The government is first to concentrate on road construction and survey of national land-survey, before developing the agricultural colonies of the new. NLSA - National Land Settlement Administration - was established under Act No. 441 in 1939. Under the NLSA, the three major settlements that accommodate thousands of settlers from the North was built in the old Cotabato province.
Even Senator Manuel L. Quezon in the 1936-1944 campaign persistent large-scale settlement program of those North with a view to destroying diversity (homogenity) and the benefits of total Bangsa Moro in Mindanao as well as trying to integrate them into the Philippine society in general.
Ownership of land is so easy and getting the government encourage the legalization of migration and settlement of large-scale to those Northern Mindanao. Many pemukin the future, as in Kidapawan, Manguindanao, acknowledged that the main motive of their coming to Mindanao is to get the land. To attract more settlers from the north to Mindanao, the government built a subsidized colonies complete with all the tools needed. The concept of colonization by these colonies was passed by the Philippine government to U.S. hengkang of the state. So slowly but surely the Moro people become a minority in their own homeland.
After the time of Independence to Now
The Philippines gained independence (1946) from the United States did not have special meaning for the Bangsa Moro. Hengkangnya first colonizers (United States) from the Philippines was the other colonialists bring (Philippine government). But worth noting, at this time Bangsa Moro struggle entered a new phase with the establishment of a more organized resistance front and forward, such as MIM, Ansari-el-Islam, MNLF, MILF, MNLF-Reformist, BMIF. But at the same time as the Bangsa Moro terpecahnya forces into factions, factions that undermine their struggle as a whole.
At the beginning of Philippine independence governments preoccupied with the communist rebellion Hukbalahab and Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon. So that the pressure on the Bangsa Moro resistance decreased. Hukbalahab communist hordes was originally an anti-colonial movements of the people of Japan, after Japan gave up their struggle to direct the Philippine government. This rebellion can only be solved at the Ramon Magsaysay, the defense minister during the reign of Eipidio Qurino (1948-1953). Increasingly felt great pressure and weight of authority when Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986).
Compared with the rule of all of Jose Rizal Philippine president Fidel Ramos to the reign of Ferdinand Marcos is the most repressive reign of the Bangsa Moro. Formation of Muslim Independent Movement (MIM) in 1968 and the Moro Liberation Front (MLF) in 1971 can not be discharged from the Marcos political attitude is better known by Presidential Proclamation No.. Was 1081.
Subsequent developments we all know. MLF as a parent Bangsa Moro struggle finally broken. First, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Misuari Nurulhaj the berideologikan nationalist-secular.Second, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) leader Hashim Salamat, a scholar warrior, a pure Islamic berideologikan and ambitious establish an Islamic state in southern Philippines. But the journey, it MNLF leader Nur Misuari has split again into groups of the MNLF-Reformist leaders Pundato Dimas (1981) and a group of Abu Sayyaf leader Janjalani Abdurrazak (1993). Of course, these divisions weaken the Bangsa Moro struggle as a whole and strengthen the Philippine government in the face of Bangsa Moro.
Signing a peace treaty between Nur Misuari (MNLF leader) with Fidel Ramos (President of the Philippines) on August 30, 1996 at Istana Merdeka Jakarta indicate disagreement over Bangsa Moro in resolving the conflict that has entered the second decade. They require one side to the diplomatic settlement of the conflict (represented by the MNLF), while others require an armed struggle / jihad (represented by the MILF).
All the do is look at the most appropriate and effective. But it seems Ramos has to choose one of them even with the risk. "All people have to choose, it is impossible to satisfy all parties," he said.
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